This documentation is for an out-of-date version of Apache Flink. We recommend you use the latest stable version.

Table API Tutorial #

Apache Flink offers a Table API as a unified, relational API for batch and stream processing, i.e., queries are executed with the same semantics on unbounded, real-time streams or bounded, batch data sets and produce the same results. The Table API in Flink is commonly used to ease the definition of data analytics, data pipelining, and ETL applications.

What Will You Be Building? #

In this tutorial, you will learn how to build a pure Python Flink Table API pipeline. The pipeline will read data from an input csv file and write the results to an output csv file.

Prerequisites #

This walkthrough assumes that you have some familiarity with Python, but you should be able to follow along even if you come from a different programming language. It also assumes that you are familiar with basic relational concepts such as SELECT and GROUP BY clauses.

Help, I’m Stuck! #

If you get stuck, check out the community support resources. In particular, Apache Flink’s user mailing list consistently ranks as one of the most active of any Apache project and a great way to get help quickly.

How To Follow Along #

If you want to follow along, you will require a computer with:

• Java 8 or 11
• Python 3.6, 3.7 or 3.8

Using Python Table API requires installing PyFlink, which is available on PyPI and can be easily installed using pip.

$ python -m pip install apache-flink

Once PyFlink is installed, you can move on to write a Python Table API job.

Writing a Flink Python Table API Program #

Table API applications begin by declaring a table environment. This serves as the main entry point for interacting with the Flink runtime. It can be used for setting execution parameters such as restart strategy, default parallelism, etc. The table config allows setting Table API specific configurations.

settings = EnvironmentSettings.new_instance().in_batch_mode().use_blink_planner().build()
t_env = TableEnvironment.create(settings)

The table environment created, you can declare source and sink tables.

# write all the data to one file
t_env.get_config().get_configuration().set_string("parallelism.default", "1")
t_env.connect(FileSystem().path('/tmp/input')) \
    .with_format(OldCsv()
                 .field('word', DataTypes.STRING())) \
    .with_schema(Schema()
                 .field('word', DataTypes.STRING())) \
    .create_temporary_table('mySource')

t_env.connect(FileSystem().path('/tmp/output')) \
    .with_format(OldCsv()
                 .field_delimiter('\t')
                 .field('word', DataTypes.STRING())
                 .field('count', DataTypes.BIGINT())) \
    .with_schema(Schema()
                 .field('word', DataTypes.STRING())
                 .field('count', DataTypes.BIGINT())) \
    .create_temporary_table('mySink')

You can also use the TableEnvironment.sql_update() method to register a source/sink table defined in DDL:

my_source_ddl = """
    create table mySource (
        word VARCHAR
    ) with (
        'connector' = 'filesystem',
        'format' = 'csv',
        'path' = '/tmp/input'
    )
"""

my_sink_ddl = """
    create table mySink (
        word VARCHAR,
        `count` BIGINT
    ) with (
        'connector' = 'filesystem',
        'format' = 'csv',
        'path' = '/tmp/output'
    )
"""

t_env.execute_sql(my_source_ddl)
t_env.execute_sql(my_sink_ddl)

This registers a table named mySource and a table named mySink in the execution environment. The table mySource has only one column, word, and it consumes strings read from file /tmp/input. The table mySink has two columns, word and count, and writes data to the file /tmp/output, with \t as the field delimiter.

You can now create a job which reads input from table mySource, preforms some transformations, and writes the results to table mySink.

Finally you must execute the actual Flink Python Table API job. All operations, such as creating sources, transformations and sinks are lazy. Only when execute_insert(sink_name) is called, the job will be submitted for execution.

from pyflink.table.expressions import lit

tab = t_env.from_path('mySource')
tab.group_by(tab.word) \
   .select(tab.word, lit(1).count) \
   .execute_insert('mySink').wait()

The complete code so far:

from pyflink.table import DataTypes, TableEnvironment, EnvironmentSettings
from pyflink.table.descriptors import Schema, OldCsv, FileSystem
from pyflink.table.expressions import lit

settings = EnvironmentSettings.new_instance().in_batch_mode().use_blink_planner().build()
t_env = TableEnvironment.create(settings)

# write all the data to one file
t_env.get_config().get_configuration().set_string("parallelism.default", "1")
t_env.connect(FileSystem().path('/tmp/input')) \
    .with_format(OldCsv()
                 .field('word', DataTypes.STRING())) \
    .with_schema(Schema()
                 .field('word', DataTypes.STRING())) \
    .create_temporary_table('mySource')

t_env.connect(FileSystem().path('/tmp/output')) \
    .with_format(OldCsv()
                 .field_delimiter('\t')
                 .field('word', DataTypes.STRING())
                 .field('count', DataTypes.BIGINT())) \
    .with_schema(Schema()
                 .field('word', DataTypes.STRING())
                 .field('count', DataTypes.BIGINT())) \
    .create_temporary_table('mySink')

tab = t_env.from_path('mySource')
tab.group_by(tab.word) \
   .select(tab.word, lit(1).count) \
   .execute_insert('mySink').wait()

Executing a Flink Python Table API Program #

Firstly, you need to prepare input data in the “/tmp/input” file. You can choose the following command line to prepare the input data:

$ echo -e  "flink\npyflink\nflink" > /tmp/input

Next, you can run this example on the command line (Note: if the result file “/tmp/output” has already existed, you need to remove the file before running the example):

$ python WordCount.py

The command builds and runs the Python Table API program in a local mini cluster. You can also submit the Python Table API program to a remote cluster, you can refer Job Submission Examples for more details.

Finally, you can see the execution result on the command line:

$ cat /tmp/output
flink	2
pyflink	1

This should get you started with writing your own Flink Python Table API programs. To learn more about the Python Table API, you can refer Flink Python API Docs for more details.