Overview
This documentation is for an unreleased version of Apache Flink. We recommend you use the latest stable version.

Introduction #

Materialized Table is a new table type introduced in Flink SQL, aimed at simplifying both batch and stream data pipelines, providing a consistent development experience. By specifying data freshness and query when creating Materialized Table, the engine automatically derives the schema for the materialized table and creates corresponding data refresh pipeline to achieve the specified freshness.

Note: This feature is currently an MVP (“minimum viable product”) feature and only available within SQL Gateway which connected to a Standalone deployed Flink cluster.

Core Concepts #

Materialized Table encompass the following core concepts: Data Freshness, Refresh Mode, Query Definition and Schema.

Data Freshness #

Data freshness defines the maximum amount of time that the materialized table’s content should lag behind updates to the base tables. Freshness is not a guarantee. Instead, it is a target that Flink attempts to meet. Data in materialized table is refreshed as closely as possible within the freshness.

Data freshness is a crucial attribute of a materialized table, serving two main purposes:

  • Determining the Refresh Mode. Currently, there are CONTINUOUS and FULL modes. For details on how to determine the refresh mode, refer to the materialized-table.refresh-mode.freshness-threshold configuration item.
    • CONTINUOUS mode: Launches a Flink streaming job that continuously refreshes the materialized table data.
    • FULL mode: The workflow scheduler periodically triggers a Flink batch job to refresh the materialized table data.
  • Determining the Refresh Frequency.
    • In CONTINUOUS mode, data freshness is converted into the checkpoint interval of the Flink streaming job.
    • In FULL mode, data freshness is converted into the scheduling cycle of the workflow, e.g., a cron expression.

Refresh Mode #

There are two refresh modes: FULL and CONTINUOUS. By default, the refresh mode is inferred based on data freshness. Users can explicitly specify the refresh mode for specific business scenarios, which will take precedence over the data freshness inference.

  • CONTINUOUS Mode: The Flink streaming job incrementally updates the materialized table data. The visibility of this data depends on the behavior of the corresponding Connector, either being immediate or after checkpoint completion.
  • FULL Mode: The scheduler periodically triggers a full overwrite of the materialized table data, with the data refresh cycle matching the workflow’s scheduling cycle.
    • The default overwrite behavior is table-level. If there are partition fields and the time partition field format is specified via partition.fields.#.date-formatter, the overwrite is by partition. Only the latest partition is refreshed each time.

Query Definition #

The query definition of a materialized table supports all Flink SQL Queries. The query results are used to populate the materialized table. In CONTINUOUS mode, the query results are updated to the materialized table continuously, while in FULL mode, the query results overwrite the materialized table each time.

Schema #

The schema definition of a materialized table is the same as the regular table. It can declare primary keys and partition keys. The column names and types of materialized table are automatically inferred from the corresponding query, and users cannot specify them.